Should you always be moral Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Should you always be moral - Essay Example Although morality is coalesced with notions like duty, obligation and codes of conduct, Kant has considered morality to include self-imposed law which is free of one's personal gains (Axinn: 1994, p. 39). The concept of morality holds ambiguity in the light of contemporary debates that often debilitates its importance by considering it as an instrument of detachment from one's self. According to Louden, it would be unjust to confine morality into a single 'other-regarding' aspect since a profound analysis of this concept proves a considerable coalescence with the 'self-regarding' aspect. Contrary to the contemporary beliefs that reckon self-importance as a merely anti-moral characteristic, the early Greek philosophers like Socrates gave primary importance to self-perfection thereby placing the welfare of others to a secondary level of morality. Similarly, Kant in the Doctrine of Virtue states that 'if there were no duties to one, then there would be no duties whatsoever'. (Louden, 14 and 15). Such an understanding of morality provides a moderate approach for both the 'self' and 'others' thereby leaving no space for its abeyance. When encountered with the notion of adhering to the moral principles, what comes into question is the reason behind practicing morality - a question first made to Socrates by Thrasymachus (Parsons: 2

Harms In Keeping Animals for Human Food Consumption Term Paper

Harms In Keeping Animals for Human Food Consumption - Term Paper Example This essay stresses that when people keep animals for food consumption, they create balance within the environment. The ecosystem needs to be balanced at all times through a cycle of the rearing and consumption of animals. Humans need to do their part by keeping animals for food just as the Lions help maintain the ecosystem of the Wild in check. Domestic animals such as cattle, poultry, and pigs play a primary role in the nourishment of the environment through their waste in terms of their droppings and carcasses. This paper makes a conclusion that it is wrong to compare animals with human beings, particularly when it comes to the keeping of animals for food. Unlike people who have compassion towards one another, animals depend solely on instinct even though they also feel pain. The pain of an animal cannot be compared to the pain of a human being. In addition, vegetarians and animal rights activists should, under no circumstances, term the killing animals for food as inhumane. Animals do not undergo torture in the butcheries, but rather they die fast because of the technological means of their execution. In considering both perspectives on animal rearing for food, animals should be kept for food consumption, particularly because of the benefits of such a practice. Although some skepticism regarding the keeping and consumption of animals, animals provide better protein, than plants, and they can service in harsh environments.

Development of Microprocessor Based Automatic Gate

Development of Microprocessor Based Automatic Gate ABSTRACT In this paper, we give detailed information about development of microprocessor based automatic gate. In common gate operations many times troubles will occur, using microprocessor based automatic gate, we can completely remove these troubles easily. We are going to use this automatic gate in Automatic Car Parking. The automatic gate senses vehicle which they come near to it. It automatically opens, wait for a definite time, and closes after the time has passed. This system can also regularly check the number of vehicle that entered the parking area and calculate the available space limit of the area. The automatic gate developed in this paper is controlled by software, which can be modified any time whenever the system needs the change. Keywords: automatic gate, microprocessor, automobile, traffic controllers. INTRODUCTION Need of automatic gate is rapidly increasing day by day. This system described the use of microprocessor as a controller. This automatic gate is nothing but the alternative of manual gate. Manual systems are costly, time consuming. Micro controlled gate are  used in making sound system, Robot, automatic breaking system, etc. This automatic gate can be used in parking of residential home, organization, in public car parking. This system consists of an automatic remote control to open and close the door for parking. It opens the door only when the space is there. The automatic gate which is used here is not for security purpose. It is just developed to eliminate the problems which are faced by the older manual method. SYSTEM OVERVIEW The system presented here is microprocessor based automatic gate. Here microprocessor is used to control the sensor which gives the information about space limit. This system opens, wait and closes door for car. And counts the number of car entered or exit. This system consists of trigger circuit, sensor, CPU and memory module, display, gate and power supply unit. First sensor gives input signal to system. The sensor is optical when the car cross it then the signal is HIGH otherwise it is LOW. Trigger is responsible for the HIGH and LOW signals. This trigger coverts the analog signal to digital. If the signal is HIGH then trigger sends the signal to interface unit. Then the car enters the parking. If the signal is LOW then the car never enters to the parking area. Power supply unit supplies DC voltage for system. Block diagram of system HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESIGN The system design is divided into two parts: Hardware design. Software design. Hardware design Sensor unit Trigger circuit CPU module Memory module Display unit Gate control unit Power supply unit 1. Sensor Unit:- It is an optical sensor; this is the light dependent register. This will change its resistance with intensity of light. In this system we use ORP12 it is called as dark resistance of 10ÃŽ ©. When light ray are focused then resistance is low and if lights are disturbed, resistance will start increasing to dark resistance. Two pair of resister is used one for entrance gate and another for exit gate. Sensor unit send output to trigger circuit. When light ray focused output voltage is v01 and v02. And when light is getting interrupted then the voltage increases to 5v. 2. Trigger Circuit:- This is made up of trigger, two input NAND gate. This receives the output from sensor unit. If there is output from sensor unit then only trigger circuit go HIGH, otherwise it remains at LOW level. 3. CPU Module:- This provides system clock, reset and access to address data and control bus. Additional circuits are used which are: Clock circuit. Reset circuit. Clock circuit: Crystal Oscillator is used to implement clock circuit. Cristal oscillator is more reliable for the high level output voltage. In this design the CPU which is used, has a clock cycle. Thus we use crystal oscillator and is pass through flip flop. Reset Circuit: After the power is supplied this circuit initializes CPU if Halt occurs. If the CPU is reset the execution starts. It will clear the interrupt. 4. Memory Module:- In this module two techniques are used linear select and fully decoding technique. In linear select each bit select a device, can be done with small system. Doesn’t need any decoding hardware, but it is time consuming. In fully decoding memory address is required to select memory device. Address Decoder: It tells about space in memory to allocate the address pointed by microprocessor. In this combinational circuits are used. It can enable multiple inputs. When all enables are active then only decoder has active low outputs. 5. Display Unit:- Display unit uses the decimal and hexadecimal format for displaying purpose. Display unit consists of- Z80 PIO: It provides 8-bit I/O port. It needs a driver to fed output to 7-segment display. Whenever a vehicle crosses the gate, this unit send signal to driver. BCD to 7 segment decoder: For displaying decimal digit, decoder is used to take 4-bit BCD input. 7-segment display 6. Gate Control Unit:- Gate control unit is made up of PNP and NPN transistor Diodes Motor. Transistors are used to control opening of gate through motor. There is time interval of 10 seconds between opening and closing of gate. Diodes are used to protect transistor from reverse bias register to improve switching line. A DC Motor is used to control opening and closing of gate. 7. Power Supply Unit:- Power supply unit designed is 5v DC and is doesn’t change even if there is variation in AC voltage. Component of power supply unit is:- Transformer: 220 or 240 transformer. Diode: converts AC current to DC. Filter Capacitor: used to reduce ripple voltage. Regulator: it receives DC input, and return it as the output Software design Software design is referred as the coding. Here we have to program the system. Program modules are: Main Program Sensor Subroutine Delay Subroutine Output Subroutine Steps involving in software design: Algorithm Flow Chart Coding Algorithm START 1. cnt1 = 0, cnt2 = 0, lim = 20 2. Read the sensor bit 3. Compare sensor bit with entry code and exit code. a. If sensor bit = entry code then goto step 5 b. Elseif sensor bit = exit code then goto step 6 4. Go to step 2 5. a. Open, wait and close b. Increment cnt1 and display c. Go to step 7 6a.Open, wait and close b. Increment cnt2 and display 7. Subtract cnt2 from cnt1 8. Compare result with lim a. If result = lim then step 9 b. Else go to step 2 9. Fetch sensor bit 10. Compare sensor bit a. If status = exit code then step6 b. Else raise alarm 11. Goto step 9. CONCLUSION By this system with the help of microcontroller gate project’s goal is achieved. The design can be applicable for any kind of system which needs sensor. In this system sensor plays the important part to this parking system. For effectiveness one should have the proper knowledge about the sensor, microprocessor, and assembly language. The sensor works effectively if operates in high intensity of light. This automatic gate can be used in organization; public car park etc. and this system don’t make for any security purpose.

Argentina and Bose Corporation :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework Essays

Argentina and Bose Corporation Bose Corporation has had products of audio system, called â€Å"Home Theater System†. It’s a perfect audio system, just like or even better than the sound we can hear from movie theaters. On the system, there is a music center, which is connected to all input and output cables and a big amplifier, which controls the bass and treble. For your information, in music center, you can both enjoy the CD player and radio for basic functions; and outputs for surrounding sound quality for video watching, and tape listening. Categories: LifeStyle 30 & 25 & 20 & 12 & 8 & 5 & 3 *Below is the Picture of Bose LifeStyle 25 Home Theater System 1. Driving global forces: a) Market needs and wants: Many people may think that in Argentina, the economic may not be that well since it is between underdeveloped and developing country. However, after I talked to my friends, who has ever lived in Argentina for a while, I know that in Argentina, there are still many people who are rich. The situation in Argentina may be extreme disparity between the rich and the poor, however, that doesn’t means that people there does not have marketing needs and wants. I believe that for those rich people, they might want to have the best quality of music and sound. Besides, the restaurant and disco club owners may want to have a better sound quality in order to attract more guests and customers. I guess most of people would know that most of Argentines love music, and they think music is one of the most important thing in their lives. Therefore, I believe marketing needs and wants is one of the forces. We may see from the following article that I picked up from the web that how Argentina accepts business of imports and exports of electronics: â€Å"Argentine companies involved in the appliance and electronics industries produce primarily for the domestic market. Exports are shipped mostly to Mercosur countries. Products include refrigerators, washing machines, dishwashers, air conditioners, television sets, radios, and video cassette recorders (VCRs). In recent years production of refrigerators and washing machines has been about 700,000 units each. Little Argentine production is exported outside Mercosur, although certain niche markets are served by high quality Argentine manufacturers. These include specialty high-fidelity equipment designed for audiophiles willing to pay in the range of US$10,000 for equipment and for concert halls, theaters, and other buildings in need of high quality

Militarized Women

â€Å"On any given Friday or Saturday night, Korean women prostitutes hang out outside club doors soliciting GIs. Korean women stroll up and down Hooker Hill, approaching young GIs and asking them, â€Å"Lady† After asking the women how much and how old, they follow the Korean girls up the hill and down an alley.† While interviewing a GI friend stationed in Osan, Korea, this is an excerpt of his short story about military prostitution in Korea. This not only happens in Korea, but all over the world where military bases are located. This type of prostitution has a history that is traced back to the 1900†³s and not many people are aware of it. Following are the facts and history of this horrid trend: The Ordinance for the National Labor Service Corps that was issued in November of 1941, opened the door for them to use women between 14 and 24 years old for up to 30 days a year. Today in South Korea, ianfu also known as military comfort women, is an expression for those women who were forced into sexual slavery by the Japanese military. Since the 1910†³s Korean women had always been preyed upon, so they could be sold to Japanese brothels. The ianfu system grew from this background, and the state and the military voluntarily joined in for the pursuit and control of these women. The total number of ianfu was estimated at 100,000 to 200,000, and almost 80% of them were believed to be Korean. The ianfu system was believed to have been set up after the Shanghai incident in January 1932. It was a small military conflict between Japan and China after Japans invasion of Manchuria. During this conflict, many cases of rape of local women by Japanese soldiers were reported. This made Lieutenant General Yasuji Okamura to request the Governor of Nagasaki to send some women to comfort their soldiers. After the ianfus arrived, their were no more reported cases of rape. Because of this, troops nowadays almost always bring a group of ianfu with them. The military calculated the number of ianfu needed and sought out Korean women in their late teens or twenties, convincing them that they would be taking care of soldiers. The management of military brothels was handled by the military. Non-military members were not allowed to use these brothels. Military surgeons conducted the necessary periodic medical examinations of ianfu for venereal diseases, and condoms were giving to soldiers by the military to stop the spreading of venereal diseases. At these brothels, rules by the military were posted. The military provided food and medical needs and even sent them letters of gratitude. The following is an example set of rules for brothels made by the military: 1. â€Å"Military brothels do not admit anyone other than Army soldiers and gonzukus and visitors are required to show their brothel permit. 2. Visitors must pay service charges at the reception counter and in return receive and entrance ticket and a condom. 3. Service charges are as follows: 2.00 yen for non-commissioned officers, soldiers, and civilian employees. 4. Those having bought a ticket can enter a designated room, with a time limit of 30 minutes. 5. The ticket should be handed to the ianfu upon entering the room. 6. When finished, leave the room quickly. 7. Those violating rules or disturbing military morals will be forced to leave. 8. Do not touch ianfu without a condom†¦The Headquarter of the East Commissariat.† Looking at these rules, it indicates that the military was in no doubt involved in the management of these horrible brothels. China, Southeast Asia, the South Seas Islands, and Japan, everywhere the Japanese military went, the military brothels followed. When the war was eventually turned against Japan and the troops were forced to leave, some ianfu were left behind, some were forced to fight with soldiers until they died, and others were killed by the Japanese military. It is undeniable that the Japanese military managed these brothels, not the troops individually, but the army as a whole collected the ianfu to deal with the sexual needs of soldiers, and that the army ruined the dignity of the ianfu as women as well as human beings. They inflicted incurable pains on them, exposed them to venereal diseases, and endangered their health. Eventually, as these ianfus became a burden, they were either abandoned or disposed of as if they were nothing. After explaining how these women were forced into sexual slavery and the history behind it, the following is my analysis and opinions on this matter. These women were treated not as human beings but as â€Å"public toilets.† They were sometimes forced to service as many as a hundred soldiers a day. About 100,000 to 200,000 women†s self esteem, dignity, personality, and ethnic pride were severely wounded through long and daily abuse. Reading all this, many questions come to mind with anger, such as: Why has this all been kept in secrecy until recently? or How can the military, a strong form of government, let this happen to women? Currently there is no answer to these, but hopefully by writing this paper, it will educate more people about this issue, which is the first step in anything. These are problems limited only to women of less powerful countries. Sexual assaults GIs make against women is a clear violation of human rights. Being assaulted by a group of men called soldiers is an unspoken terror that is inflicted upon us women. The primary purpose of the military is to destruct and kill the bad, but all they were really doing was creating evil. Being raped is a woman†s worst nightmare. It invades our body, mind and soul leaving us feeling used and worthless. Women often put the blame on themselves, maybe for dressing too tight or too short, or for acting promiscuous, but in reality it has nothing to do with the way women act. The offender holds all blame. In reading one of the articles called, â€Å"Violation of Human Rights against Korean Women and Children by the United States Forces in Korea, it reads â€Å"To evade problems, Japanese claim that they have given comfort women military scrip†s, also known as U.S dollars or PX goods during War II†¦ We must look at this as an exploitation of women†s sex; in other words, it is offenders sly intention to transform an act of rape to that of prostitution and pass over their responsibilities to victimized women.† Is the giving of money or gifts suppose to lessen the pain? The soldiers are defending themselves by putting the blame on the victimized w omen, resulting in the woman feeling guilty. I can recall discussing this topic in section and talking about how many times the offender uses this strategy in protecting himself from the consequences. What I want to talk about is the effect that this type of prostitution has on women, and in ways that women and children can be trapped in it, in fact are often prepared for it as children. Back during the Korean War when Korean women were being used as ianfu, the women eventually had children from these soldiers. These children, made out of wedlock, were raised in this environment and soon enough became the norm. When the child reached the age of 15, she was often taken from her family to join a group of soldiers to serve as an ianfu. If the child happened to be a male, he was subject to be drafted into the military and use women for prostitution, it was an ongoing cycle. The everyday life of a prostitute is probably distant for many of us. Even our imagination could not make us feel the disgusting events that these women have suffered. It is like this: Negotiate a price with the stranger. Agree to it. Pull down pants. Come and take me until they†re done. Finished. Next Please. It becomes too ugly to take it in. We all know that this is a male dominated world. It stems from history, issues such as military prostitution and women slavery all indicate that the dominant gender is man. Although women have more rights than they did a century ago, women are still constantly struggling to find their place either in the home or work force. With these type of problems still occurring, discrimination against women will not end. Male dominance is a political system. Money is in no doubt directly tied to gender. Many of the Korean women used as prostitutes were from streets and poor families trying to find jobs that would feed their family. So when the military offered them a job as care takers of soldiers, they immediate jumped at the opportunity. It is assumed that women are not suppose to have money, because when women have money, then women can make choices. One of these choices that women can make is not to be with men. If the women make the choice not to be with men, then men will be deprived of the sex that men feel they have the right to. This is the foundation of male dominance. In conclusion, this paper has raised many issues involving women, especially in the military. When I received this research paper as my final paper for my Women†s Studies class, I began to think about all the options that I could write about. Topics such as; abortion, eating disorders, sexual violence, incest, and even that of prostitution, but I wanted it to have more of a twist. I remember talking to one of my good friends who is an enlisted officer in the USAF, who in stationed Korea and he told me about what GIs did to entertain themselves. Back to the story in the beginning, I decided to expand on it because I believe that many people do not know that this goes on. I can not even remotely describe how in disbelief I was when I did more research. I came across material that I would never know existed. In doing this research paper, I hope to educate more women about this type of prostitution and raise awareness that the military is involved. Women should not be treated as objects, and more like human beings.

Elderly

Should elderly people be neglected? Recently, a report has stated, to many people’s amazement, as many as 30% elderly people live below the poverty line in Hong Kong. An increasing number of the elderly in the territory have received social security assistance from the government. In the absence of adequate savings and regular income, little difficulty is there in understanding why the elderly more rely on the government. There are some difficulties that the elderly have to come to grips with. One major obstacle is the financial burden that elderly people have to cope with.The elderly do not have regular income without working to maintain their rudimental needs of living, from food, clothing to dwelling. Moreover, after retirement, the protection is far from adequate, few elderly people are self-sufficient to take care themselves. The elderly who fail to care for themselves, as a result, have no choice but to cling to the government to receive assistance. Another principal bar rier elderly people are facing, in addition to the financial burden, is poor family relationship.Most family members neglect the elderly, rarely do they talk with them, understand what they are thinking, and take into account the feelings of the elderly. Elderly people feel alone, they are left at home without any care from their family members. In some serious cases, the elderly do not have enough money to buy food when they are hungry, due to the apathetic attitude of family members toward them. What the government, families and community groups need to do in pursuit of better care of the elderly, and how.In the aspect of the government, it is of paramount importance to promote harmony family life, especially enhancing communication with the elderly. The government could encourage families holding family day or events with elderly, such as hiking, barbecue. On the other hand, the government should have some improvements of retirement protection, to ensure the elderly may rake care themselves after retirement, it is the first step to help elderly people to evacuate poverty. Family plays an important role on taking better care of the elderly.Few families can get along well with the elderly. In hopes of understanding the elderly thought and caring them, family members, however busy, should take little time to talk with the elderly every day such as sharing happiness, some amusing moments in that day. Moreover, family members should simply go home to have dinner with the elderly. Sometimes, if cannot do home for dinner, they may leave a memo asking after the elderly, just few words are enough. Also, families need to give adequate money to elderly people for their daily life.Community groups such as some non-government organizations also can pay efforts to improve taking care of elderly people. They can organize various types of family activities to encourage family members taking part in with the elderly. Apart from that, they can hold some distribution campaign s for the elderly, for instance, rice distribution, moon cake distribution and so on. To conclude, the elderly should not be separated from the society. The families have the responsibilities to take care them. The government and community groups also need to pay effort to help the elderly escape the poverty.

Tituba, the crucible essays

Tituba, the crucible essays Tituba was a native Caribbean slave that Reverend Samuel Parris had brought back with him from one of his crusades. Her personality was hospitable, and she would often sing songs in her native tong, which later would prove to be nothing more than ammo in the deliberations. So far, Titubas involvement in the notorious Salem witch trials is about to become more prevailing in the novel The crucible. Outside of the book I am aware that she was the first person in the village to confess to using witch craft but was forced by reasons not of her own, to confess. It all started with the Reverends daughter Betty and her cousin Abby. Betty began to have symptoms of hallucinations and unfamiliar outburst. In the time of the witch trials all things that might have been considered to be misfortune were viewed as being a direct punishment from God for what ever reason. So having a sick child must have been because of a sin committed by a member of the family, or someone else was bewitching her. I n the book however, Tituba was close to the children and was disheveled by the thought that anyone would believe she ment to hurt them, but never the less the blame was placed upon her and I was on her own accored she chose to save herself and confess, true or not. But what is surprising about this is Tituba knew that they would want to blame her for this, and also knew that there was nothing for her to do about it. What I believe Tituba wanted at this particular time was a chance. For many reasons she might have wanted a chance, a chance to show that she was really innocent qnd not a witch, a chance to find out what was really happening to the girls and lastly a chance to live out the rest of her life, not as a potential witch. ...

Essay on american education

Essay on american education Essay on american education 10/2/14 Deductive Paragraphs on American Education Our country’s education system is in need of reform. America has come a long way in building the education system since 3500 BC when the first academy was built. Of course it has; it has been thousands of years. Even comparing the education system today with the way it was one hundred years ago like the dean of Columbia School of Journalism Nicholas Lemann did in his entry in The New Yorker is pretty far fetched. He stated that only eight and a half percent of Americans had a high school degree a hundred years ago, and now there are roughly one sixth of the population in high schools today (Lemann, 1). But there are too many differences in America today and America in the early 1900’s to compare the two. Not only has the education system changed since then, but America as a whole country has grown. Education is more important than working now a days, it is normal for more women to be educated in high school and higher education, ect. Seyward Darby puts it well when he s ays â€Å"It’s one thing to say we’ve come a long way, it’s quite another to suggest we’re doing pretty well today† (Darby, 2). It has definitely grown and people have recognized the power and the importance of education, but there is still a lot of work to be done with an education system that is just okay. Schools are popping up more often, but that does not mean that they are all great schools with qualified staff. A school in the ghetto is much different than a school built in a rich suburbia. The rich schools have more money to spend on books and materials, sports teams, and they have a wider range of teachers to choose from because more people

Mary Street Short Analysis

* The first stanza depicts the habitual routine of Skrzynecki’s family, as indicated by the use of the phrase â€Å"Each morning† in the third line. This helps evoke a clear sense of normal practice and routine in the lives of the Skrzynecki family. Additionally through the use of industrial imagery; â€Å"rusty bucket†, â€Å"bridge†, â€Å"factory† the audience can see a sense of comfort and connection to their humble surrounds. * The second stanza presents the strong connection that Peter’s parents share with their garden. But while Skrzynecki’s parents take fulfilment in nurturing and fostering the garden (Tended roses and camellias/ Like adopted children), Skrzynecki himself didn’t hold the same values as his parents (I’d ravage the backyard garden/ Like a hungry bird). This contrasting use of simile accurately depicts the sort of cultural background Skrzynecki feels he doesn’t belong to. * The third stanza discusses the connection to the 10 Mary Street address that his family holds. The use of personification in the first line; â€Å"The house stands† highlights the human value of the house and establishes a strong sense of belonging to the house. Additionally, the use of Cumulative listing lines in 13-17 helps to reinforce the family’s strong connection to their European heritage. The final stanza presents a contrasting view of belonging whereby Peter feels his family â€Å"became citizens of the soil/ That was feeding us† and indicates a sense of comfort and acceptance of the Australian way of life. The last 3 lines: â€Å"Inheritors of a key/ That’ll open no house/ When this one is pulled down. † Re-establishes what the house symbolised for them and the notion that the sort of connection 10 Mary Street h ad to their new lives in Australia will be a challenge to recreate. !0 Mary Street Short Analysis * The first stanza depicts the habitual routine of Skrzynecki’s family, as indicated by the use of the phrase â€Å"Each morning† in the third line. This helps evoke a clear sense of normal practice and routine in the lives of the Skrzynecki family. Additionally through the use of industrial imagery; â€Å"rusty bucket†, â€Å"bridge†, â€Å"factory† the audience can see a sense of comfort and connection to their humble surrounds. * The second stanza presents the strong connection that Peter’s parents share with their garden. But while Skrzynecki’s parents take fulfilment in nurturing and fostering the garden (Tended roses and camellias/ Like adopted children), Skrzynecki himself didn’t hold the same values as his parents (I’d ravage the backyard garden/ Like a hungry bird). This contrasting use of simile accurately depicts the sort of cultural background Skrzynecki feels he doesn’t belong to. * The third stanza discusses the connection to the 10 Mary Street address that his family holds. The use of personification in the first line; â€Å"The house stands† highlights the human value of the house and establishes a strong sense of belonging to the house. Additionally, the use of Cumulative listing lines in 13-17 helps to reinforce the family’s strong connection to their European heritage. The final stanza presents a contrasting view of belonging whereby Peter feels his family â€Å"became citizens of the soil/ That was feeding us† and indicates a sense of comfort and acceptance of the Australian way of life. The last 3 lines: â€Å"Inheritors of a key/ That’ll open no house/ When this one is pulled down. † Re-establishes what the house symbolised for them and the notion that the sort of connection 10 Mary Street h ad to their new lives in Australia will be a challenge to recreate.

Influential Type Designer paper (Akira Kobayashi) Assignment

Influential Type Designer paper (Akira Kobayashi) - Assignment Example Akira Kobayashi was born in the year 1960. He undertook his studies at Murashimo Art University in Japan for four years until 1983 before proceeding for a calligraphy course at the London School of Printing. Even though the type designer did not benefit from the United States military scholarships for education at that time, he managed to carve for himself a successful career out his art studies (Kobayashi 1-2). Akira worked as a freelance type designer from 1997 to 2001, during which he won himself numerous accolades in type designing competitions. Since 2001, Akira has been the Type Director at Linotype Library. During his reign at the company, Akira has overseen the completion of numerous typefaces that have received immense appreciation from art scholars across the world. Recently, a type designer completed his Optima nova family in collaboration with the original designer, Professor Zapf Hermann. Akira Kobayashi is arguably the most accomplished type designers of his time. His dedication to the realm of typefaces has earned him very many awards and prices over a career that has spanned for close to three decades. Some of his most outstanding achievements include the following: The informal new brush typeface is characterized by a unique, streaky appearance. It was created with a brush before getting refined in order to give its font an even, overall texture. The font has proved to be very effective in big display applications in which a casual, immediate effect is desired. This is a contemporary sans serif typeface that derives its character from the Italian scripts from the Italian Renaissance. The typographer has utilized an extremely stylish and rational approach in designing an inspired modern Adobe Originals adaptation through the Calcite Pro. The typeface’s geometric form and its near crystalline texture elicit images of the mineral element from which its name has been derived. The dynamic appearance of the typeface adds a strong

Research and critically evaluate the context of addiction, Essay

Research and critically evaluate the context of addiction, (multi)generational trauma, and social determinants of health in rela - Essay Example Many theories have been put forth to explain the context of addiction, but only a few have linked the individual experiences and relationships in the society to the context of addiction. This paper will address how family life, social structures, and other socio-economic factors contribute to substance abuse resulting in addiction. More specifically, the paper will analyze how an individual’s experiencein early childhood as well as multi-generational trauma contribute to the development of addiction. First Nation’s People in Canada The First Nations people are the aboriginal groups in Canada such as Inuit and Metis that suffered acculturation, after the Europeans imposed a new culture, replacing the people’s traditional culture. This occurred via compulsion, with the people losing their cultural identity. These communities exhibit a form of social disability that has defined the society since the acculturation. These communities have lagged behind the rest of Can ada, aw exhibited by the socio-economic factors of the society (Satzewich & Wotherspoon, 2002). Substance Use and Addiction among First Nation’s People As described above, the socio-economic factors of these communities exhibit the need for intervention. ... The Inuit community experiences a high prevalence of substance abuse with the most commonly used substances being cocaine, marijuana, and solvents. Among the Nunavik, cannabis is the leading drug abused by the people (Satzewich & Wotherspoon, 2002). Males form the high population of the people using substances, although this does not exclude women, who also report a high level of substance use. In addition, smoking is very prevalent among the First Nation’s people, with pregnant women indulging in the habit posing serious health risks to the child. Other statistics indicate that two thirds of the population indulges in smoking compared to lesser statistics in the rest of the Canadian society. Previous understanding of addiction Many researchers have attributed addiction, which is the term used to denote the compulsive urge to use drugs to the molecular structure of the substances used. For example, nicotine in tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol contain certain compounds that trigger addiction. Many studies have been carried out with the aim of demonstrating how the molecular structure of these substances has contributed to addiction (Dube et al, 2002). Many of the other theories surround the availability of drugs in the society as well as peer pressure. Only a few studies have sought to establish the roots of substance abuse. As the sections below will indicate, the cause of addiction may lie deeper into the societal make-up and the experience of individuals in the society. Causes of adverse Childhood Experiences and Multigenerational Trauma This is kind of trauma that transcends different generations, emanating from the family or

School based occupational therapy interventions in handwriting for Essay

School based occupational therapy interventions in handwriting for kindergarten and key stage one children - Essay Example OccupÐ °tionÐ °l therÐ °pists view the occupÐ °tionÐ °l performÐ °nce of children to be self-cÐ °re, work, Ð °nd plÐ °y Ð °ctivities. One common Ð °cÐ °demic Ð °ctivity is writing, required when children Ð °nd Ð °dolescents compose stories, complete written exÐ °minÐ °tions (Benbow, HÐ °nft, & MÐ °rsh, 2002), copy numbers for cÐ °lculÐ °tions (HÐ °gin, 1983), dictÐ °te telephone messÐ °ges Ð °nd numbers Ð °t home, Ð °nd write messÐ °ges to friends Ð °nd fÐ °mily members (Ð mundson, 1998). The functionÐ °l skill of hÐ °ndwriting supports the Ð °cÐ °demic tÐ °sk of writing Ð °nd Ð °llows students to convey writ ten informÐ °tion legibly Ð °nd efficiently, while Ð °ccomplishing written school Ð °ssignments in Ð ° timely mÐ °nner. HÐ °ndwriting consumes much of Ð ° students school dÐ °y. McHÐ °le Ð °nd CermÐ °k (2002) exÐ °mined the Ð °mount of time Ð °llocÐ °ted to fine-motor Ð °ctivities Ð °nd the type of fine-motor Ð °ctivities thÐ °t school-Ð °ged children were expected to perform in the clÐ °ssroom. In their study of six clÐ °sses, consisting of two clÐ °sses from grÐ °des 2, 4, Ð °nd 6 in middle-income public schools, they found thÐ °t 31% to 60% of the childrens school dÐ °y consisted of fine-motor Ð °ctivities. Of those fine-motor tÐ °sks, 85% of the time consisted of pÐ °per Ð °nd pencil tÐ °sks, indicÐ °ting thÐ °t students mÐ °y possibly spend up to one quÐ °rter to one hÐ °lf of their clÐ °ssroom time engÐ °ged in pÐ °per Ð °nd pencil tÐ °sks. OccupÐ °tionÐ °l therÐ °pists Ð °re frequently Ð °sked to evÐ °luÐ °te hÐ °ndwriting when it interferes with Ð ° students performÐ °nce of written Ð °ssignments. In fÐ °ct, poor hÐ °ndwriting is one of the most common reÐ °sons for referring school-Ð °ged children for occupÐ °tionÐ °l therÐ °py (CermÐ °k, 1991; ChÐ °ndler, 1994; Oliver, 2002; ReismÐ °n, 1991). The role of the occupÐ °tionÐ °l therÐ °pist is to view the students performÐ °nce, in this cÐ °se hÐ °ndwriting, by focusing on the interÐ °ction of the student, the school environment, Ð °nd

Saguaro National Park Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Saguaro National Park - Research Paper Example The Northern part of the State’s claim to fame is that of the Grand Canyon, the most recognizable Wonder of the World; the White Mountains’ sprawling ranges are peppered with vast stands of Ponderosa Pines, historic Western towns, and ski resorts. Additionally, Monument Valley, which stirs up awe in anyone who crosses it, has appeared in several films; and boating enthusiasts from different parts of the State frequent Arizona’s Lake Powell (Joyce, 2). Moreover, of great significance is Saguaro National Park, formerly Saguaro National Monument, which is the focus of this paper. History of Saguaro National Park Saguaro National Parkis made of 91,327 acres and is made up of two separate sections namely the Rincon Mountain District (Saguaro East) and the Tucson Mountain District (Saguaro West) (Shannontech.com, 1). The significance of this national park lies in the rich Sonoran Desert’s diversity life found within a framework of prehistoric and historic human occupation (Colostate.edu, 13). Historically, Saguaro has evidently had human habitation for as long as twelve thousand years ago. During that time, the region was much wetter as opposed to the way it presently is. It supported habitation by such animals as the bison, mammoth, among other mammals. The Hohokam people settled in Saguaro roughly 2300 years ago and they had learned to carry out agriculture by 700 AD. For many centuries, these people thrived in the Santa Cruz Valley (where Tucson is presently situated) but in the fifteenth century, they vanished (Shannontech.com, 3). Saguaro national park became a national monument in the year 1933 following a presidential proclamation by Herbert Hoover. It became the first monument reserved to protect a plant species. In 1959, there was need for extra effort to prevent people from exploring the opening part of the park's area for copper. Towards the end of the year 1961, President Kennedy signed a bill that expanded the monument by adding Tucson Mountain district’s 15,360 acres to the monument. Later, twenty-one thousand more acres were added to this district. In October 1994, following a bill signed by President Bill Clinton, Saguaro National Park was established as the United States’ 52nd national park (Shannontech.com, 6 & Uhler, 1). Plants Although Saguaro National Park is situated within a desert, there is a profusion of life. The park has magnificent examples of Sonoran Desert ecosystem that include various desert plants, as well as the renowned saguaro cactus, an American Southwest symbol (Shannontech.com, 1). Braun explains that plants foun d in this park vary from desert vegetation such as cacti, creosote and ocotillo in the lower elevations to Douglas-fir oak, and ponderosa pine in Rincon Mountains’ upper elevations (10). Plants that grow in Saguaro National Park are adapted to drought in such a way that they go dormant to conserve their water in periods of long dry seasons. Many plants seem lifeless during these periods but they are capable of coming to life budding new green leaves soon after a rainfall. For instance, a plant called ocotillo transforms from what was seemingly a handful of lifeless sticks into a sunny shrub with its branches tall and green within only forty-eight hours following a rainfall (Nps.gov, 1). Uhler explains that the saguaro cactus has been portrayed as the king of the Sonoran Desert, as a plant with personality, as the supreme symbol of the American Southwest, and as a prickly horror. It is famous for the variety of odd, with the shapes that it assumes inspiring fanciful and wild i maginings and some assuming all too human shapes. At times, giant saguaro cacti attain a height of 50 feet. These plants are unique to the Sonoran Desert.

Training Manuals at Strident Marks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Training Manuals at Strident Marks - Essay Example Through its IPO, the company exposes itself to public scrutiny and speculation. The company's decision to venture into other profitable products further requires a finance department which will ensure that only those lucrative investments are pursued. Thus, the role of its finance department becomes more emphasized. The training module which will be given to members of that functional area should be designed so as to guide the new employees in conducting valuation analysis. It is recommended that the training module be composed of three distinct parts: the role of the financial department in attaining the goals and objectives of Strident Marks; the different valuation techniques and their applications; and including qualitative issues in valuation analysis. This paper believes that in order for the employees to appreciate their jobs, they should be able to place themselves within the organization. It is imperative that the training manual shows especially to the new employees their essential role in the organization. Doing this will further boost the morale of the employees and motivate them to do their jobs. Seeing one's place in the organization will enhance the commitment of employees specially the new ones. The next two parts will be the

Selected Articles in Finance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Selected Articles in Finance - Term Paper Example For example the CAC 40 Index gets its name from the 40 top stocks dominating the French stock exchange. The index rises and falls in line with the volume of stocks traded and the prices at which the trades are made. When the trend of prices is falling, the market is said to be bearish and when the trend of prices is rising, the market is said to be bullish. Like a business cycle with its peaks and troughs, the stock market also has similar tendencies (www.abcsofinvesting.net). The article by Joe Weisenthal dated 27 Sep 2010 claims that Apple and Microsoft have broken the Stock Market indices. He bases his claim on the Nasdaq 100 index and states that it gives a weight of 20 percent to Apple, and 80 percent to all the other stocks. Similarly it is claimed that the DJIA gives too much weightage to Caterpillar and since it is trading at three times the value of Microsoft, the DJIA is similarly affected. This also impacts on the value of Exchange Traded Funds of ETF, which track the valu e of an index. Michael Corkery in his article of 04 August 2011 comments on the failure of city municipalities in the wake of the financial crisis that has swept America and states that cities like Central Falls in Rhode Island are benefitted by a new State Law that places bondholders ahead of other claimants. Its principal problem remains the pension payments that are due to retired workers. On the other hand, the head of the workers union feels cheated that bondholders are being given a preference over workers in this connection (Corkery, 3). Besides firing workers and raising taxes to create funding, municipalities are now being assisted by firms like New York’s Class Green Capital Partners who not only help cities mortgage their public buildings but also part of the bond proceeds to help promote energy efficiency, which also helps them get around some restrictions regarding public building mortgages. However their opponents maintain that it is just a way to cover deficit financing (Corkery, 3). Raice and Smith in their piece covering technology stocks as of 04 August 2011 write that the lackluster market is making firms reconsider offering their IPOs right now. The US Government too is considering cashing in its share of 26.5 percent of GM owned stock as the auto manufacturer’s stock has performed poorly. Meanwhile there is lack of investor demand and shares of newly floated IPOs like Pandora and LinkedIn –down 22% and 17% respectively- are also taking a beating (Raice & Smith, 1). Talking about interest swap deals, some 700 business entities in Pennsylvania alone had made such deals in the wake of rising interest rates in 2003 and beyond. Under such a deal, the bank would pay them a higher fixed interest rate while the businesses paid back the bank a lower, floating rate of interest. But this scheme backfires when market interest rates begin falling, and the price to get out of such deals can also be prohibitive. Addressing the partic ular case of State College of Pennsylvania, the college had agreed to a swap of $58 million with Royal Bank of Canada in 2007 at a fixed rate of 3.884 percent, while it paid RBC

Training Manuals at Strident Marks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Training Manuals at Strident Marks - Essay Example Through its IPO, the company exposes itself to public scrutiny and speculation. The company's decision to venture into other profitable products further requires a finance department which will ensure that only those lucrative investments are pursued. Thus, the role of its finance department becomes more emphasized. The training module which will be given to members of that functional area should be designed so as to guide the new employees in conducting valuation analysis. It is recommended that the training module be composed of three distinct parts: the role of the financial department in attaining the goals and objectives of Strident Marks; the different valuation techniques and their applications; and including qualitative issues in valuation analysis. This paper believes that in order for the employees to appreciate their jobs, they should be able to place themselves within the organization. It is imperative that the training manual shows especially to the new employees their essential role in the organization. Doing this will further boost the morale of the employees and motivate them to do their jobs. Seeing one's place in the organization will enhance the commitment of employees specially the new ones. The next two parts will be the

Competencies Variations Between Associate Degree and Baccalaureate Degree Nurses Essay Example for Free

Competencies Variations Between Associate Degree and Baccalaureate Degree Nurses Essay Competencies Variation between Associate Degree and Baccalaureate Degree The difference in competencies between the associate degree and Baccalaureate degree nurse has been a topic for discussion for many years. Prior to the modern practice of nursing the sick was taken care of by non skilled persons such as sinners, saints or mothers (Fact Sheet). Modern nursing began with Florence Nightingale, but has evolved over the years to become a rich history that includes advances in education of nurses, thus forming three entry level of nursing, Diploma, Associate and Baccalaureate of nursing. This discussion will address the difference in competencies between the associate degree and Baccalaureate degree nurses. The ADN program was started to facilitate the need of nurses in the post war years. This is a two years program that teaches the nurse to provide comfort the physiologic stability and peaceful death. (Yoder 2010). This program was also seen as an ideal course for those who prefer a faster and inexpensive route of becoming a registered nurse. Even though the bedside practice of the ADN and BSN nurses are similar, the ADN nurse focuses on the practical assistance more than the theory. The difference in competencies can be seen in the extra two years required for the BSN program. These graduates are exposed to more prerequisites theory, leadership management, research and community based health courses. (Spensor 2008). They are more prepared for the ever changing heath care field because their main focus, are evidence –based practice. They are taught to think independently, use judgment, critical thinking, reasoning and decision making skills, to understand the situation at hand before providing care, and by utilizing these skill they are better able to work within interdisciplinary team and have better patient care outcome. An example of this was observed in a patient care situation on a med surgical unit, where the ADN nurse was taking care of a patient with history of uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension who was about to be discharged. His blood glucose was regularly monitored, medication was dispensed appropriately and she made sure that he was receiving the appropriate diet tray from the kitchen. However when his call light was answered by the BSN nurse she noticed that he had a packet of potato chips and some cookies on his bedside table that was open. She addressed his need, then told him that she noticed the cookies and potato chips at his bedside, which he admitted to be snacking on, and added that the cookies were sugar free and chips were not very salty and that was all he could really afford. The BSN nurse was able to address the situation at hand and was able to teach the pt that even though a packet may read sugar free did not mean it was ok to have. Since it can be loaded with carbohydrates, which break down into sugar. She then collaborated with interdisciplinary team of dietician and social services to prepare this patient for discharge, where this patient and his family were taught how to comply with his diet, by learning how read labels, choose foods, and the important of doing so. Social services ensure that he was provided with the information of community based resources in his neighborhood that will attend to his financial as well as his social needs. Even though the ADN nurse’s bedside nursing was appropriate, it was clear that the two extra years of understanding the concept behind the skills separated a nurse that use critical thinking from one that performed task. In response to the ever changing healthcare system a higher degree of nurses are sought. Therefore the nursing programs help to equip graduates to provide excellent and holistic care while encouraging them to achieve lifelong quest for knowledge and the pursuit of advance professional degree.

Heart Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation

Heart Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation Abstract According a report published by the World health organization about the most prevalent causes of mortality for the time periods of 2000 and 2011, it can be seen that Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of mortality. There are many conditions that can lead to heart failure. Such conditions are raised blood pressure, myocardial infarction as well as atherosclerotic heart disease. Ischemia leads to necrosis of the myocardial cells due to lack of oxygen resulting in permanent loss of heart muscle. Stem cell therapy allows us to restore the motor function of the heart by delivering stem cells to the site of function loss. The aim of this review is to highlight key points about the different stem cell types that are being researched. Most importantly we will look at how and why recent advances are better suited for treatment of different conditions of the heart. This shall be argued by looking at the ways in which the stem cells used are obtained and transplanted as well as keeping in mind the natural behavior and purpose of the different classes of stem cells. Different Stem cell Types Being Researched The two classes of stem cells that have been researched the most are mulitpotent and pluirpotent stem cells. Pluripotent cells have a greater potency then multipotent stem cells meaning that only specific classes of multipotent stem cells can be used to restore cardiomyocytes. Multipotent Stem cells c-Kit+Cardiac Stem Cells These cardiac stem cells exhibit c-Kit+ which is a surface receptor that has tyrosine kinase activity. There have been successful studies using these types of cells for myocyte regeneration. According to Sheng and co-workers (2012) use of these stem cells has led to regeneration of cardiomyocytes in the ventricles. SCIPIO, is a phase 1 study conducted by Bolli et al. This study looked at patients who suffered from an MI and then had cardiac stem cells introduced into their left ventricle. They published their results in 2011 showing that left ventricular function improved from the initial ejection fraction that was below 40%. Makkar et al. in 2012 published findings for the CADUCEUS study. This study again introduced CSCs into patients LV just after an MI. Results showed no harm being done to the patient as well as an increase in the ejection fraction of the LV. Fuentes and Kearns-Jonker in 2013 released results were application of ephrin A1 can improve CSC treatment in rats. Ephrin A1 is a human protein important for moderating cell maturation that is introduced before transplantation of CSCs occurs. Most notably repopulation of the damaged area (infarct) was twice as much and as well as having improved systolic function as well as reduced number of complications such as arrhythmias. Bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSC) BMSCs are obtained from that patients bone marrow and then used to treat the same patient. BMSCs have been being used for a long time due to ease of acquirement as well as the fact that they don’t elicit an immune response when used. According to Sheng and co-workers (2012) BMSC therapy hasn’t lead to notable changes in patient quality of life with only temporary mild increase in ventricular systolic function. BMSCs release beneficial paracrine effects (Lee et al., 2005). Paracrines have a number of roles including cessation of apoptosis in sites of ischemic heart damage and stimulation of host vascular (angiogenesis) and cardiac tissue (cardiomyogenesis) growth. Inter-conversion of cells from 1 type to another as well as joining of 2 or more cells to become one cell results in formation of endothelial and ventricular muscle tissue from the precursor stem cell (Lee et al., 2005). Pluripotent stem cells Such cells are capable of forming all 3 primary layers. Embryo Stem cells (ESCs) ESCs are obtained from the mass of cells inside the blastocyst and are capable of self renewal. Compared to adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells have more inherent ability to replace damaged tissue in the heart. This is due to them being pluripotent they replace not only the muscle lost but also perform angiogenesis. Advancements in regulation of developmental pathways for ESCs have enabled improved results. BMP inhibitor improves the conversion of ESCs to cardiomyocytes but in so doing reduces conversion to other tissues of mesoderm origin (Hao et al., 2008). Hao and his co-workers (2008) also state that dorsomorphin can become a great tool for stem cell therapy in the future. Wnt/ÃŽ ²-catenin signaling control with the use of XAV939 improves ESC differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) Gene Transplantation Direct gene delivery For different forms of gene delivery the catheter has to both compatible to the site targeted as well as not having any property causing injury or eliciting an immune response. Naimark et al. compared the use of Nitinol stainless steel and Stiletto catheters for epicardial administration as well as endocardial showing that Stilletto catheters were twice as effective. Intrapericardial injection Advantage of this method of delivery is that there is no exposure of the heart and other organs. The use of intrapericardial infection in dogs has shown they endure the pain with not too much distress highlighting that the patient will undergo less distress compared to open surgery (March et al., 1999). This percutaneous method introduces the genes into the pericardial sac which then migrates into the myocardium. (Kawase et al., 2007) There are varying approaches to how to perform the injection. Fromes and coworkers used a transdiaphragmetic method. What was observed was that injection of the stem cells on their own lead to no gene expression difference in the myocardium. Stem cell expression results at the end of week one improved significantly with addition of proteinase in the injection fluid. Endocardial injection Microsphere retention varies according to volume used and site of injection. Endomyocardial injection had 28% greater retention then epicardial administration. Further retention can be obtained with the use of 10 ÃŽ ¼L rather then 100 ÃŽ ¼L. Greater spread of the adenovirus which encoded lac-Z was observed going to other organs in lower volumes too (Grossman et al., 2002). Use of fluoroscopy proved that this method is safe and that gene expression is present in 81% of the pigs used. Specimens used showed no symptoms and signs of cardiac arrhythmia or disturbance of blood flow. Patients suffering from chronic ischemia can develop complications such as perforation of the ventricle due to its thin nature as well as effusion of fluid in the pericardial sac decreasing cardiac output (Gwon et al., 2001). Intramyocardial injection This method has shown great success in many studies due to direct delivery of vector to site of damage. Injection of reporter gene into cardiac tissue and expression of the gene is feasible in canine myocardium. Response showed to be directly proportional to the volume of plasmid DNA used. Interestingly gene expression was uniform throughout the left ventricle independent of the level of injury. Stem cell expression gradually weakens over time showing greatest activity at the end of the first week (von Harsdorf et al., 1993). Use of plasmid DNA for cardiac muscle shows unique property of the tissue in being able to uptake DNA via the use of T tubules. Weakened expression after the first week is due to immune defensive mechanisms targeting transfected cells (Acsadi et al., 1991). Use of plasmid DNA vectors in early studies showed low efficiency in terms of transduction and time interval in which it is active; this lead to the use of adenovirus to transfer of ÃŽ ²-galactosidase gene an d plasmid. However results showed poor expression after day 7 as well as immune reaction generation (Guzman et al., 1993). Use of rAAV proved to be a more successful vector for the LacZ gene showing no immune response generation or inflammation at the site of injection. Expression was strongest after 1 week during weeks 4 to 8 showing very little results in the first 2 weeks. An increase in efficiency in terms of number of cells that undergo transduction due to perfusion was observed. Half of the cardiomyocytes showed LacZ gene expression (Svensson et al., 1999). BetaARKct gene produces a peptide that improves betaAR (beta-adrenergic receptor) signaling which is seen to diminish after a myocardial infarct. BetaAR function is interfered upon by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. BetaARKct gene product will eliminate G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 interference. rAAV6 was used as a vector. Introduction of the BetaARKct gene further increased the efficiency of the intramyocardial injection with improved transduction cell number and length of time interval expression is strongest – up to 12 weeks from start of experiment. Long term use of BetaARKct gene lead to raised cardiac contractility as well as a turn around in ventricular remodeling (Rengo et al., 2009). Transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoted angiogenesis in damaged myocardium and diminished anginal pain (Koransky et al., 2002). Transvascular gene delivery Some diseases such as pulmonary and essential hypertension, long QT syndrome and congestive heart failure require not just a percentage of their cells to undergo transduction but rather the entire myocardium. This can only be done by a method that ensures global delivery to the myocardium (Donahue et al., 1997). This is because it’s not just a group of cells that are contributing to the disease but rather every cell. E.g. Intramyocardial injection in these conditions would be useless as it only affects a small area. Selective coronary catheterization with antegrade intracoronary delivery A single pass method yields poor transduction values showing phenotype expression in only 5% of cardiac muscle at most (Ding et al., 2004). For optimal transduction to take place prolonged exposure time via occlusion of blood supply was necessary. The coronary arteries and coronary venous sinus were the tested targets with the latter producing almost 5 times increase in transduction (Logeart et al., 2001). Donahue and coworkers worked on rabbit myocardium observing key conditions for 96% of myocardial cells to undergo transduction. These parameters included increased virus concentrations, increased exposure, performing experiment at 37 °C, increased coronary flow rate and use of crystalloid media with specific compositions. Almost maximal transduction could be achieved with improved microvascular permeability in a decreased coronary perfusion time period of 2 minutes. Lowered Ca2+concentration coupled to bradykinin or serotonin pretreatment and raised virus concentration achieve this (Donahue et al., 1998). Use of catheters to occlude the aorta and venous return in the right atrium in rodents was coupled to cardiopulmonary arrest with the use of esmolol and acetylcholine for 2 and 5 minutes in order to increase viral incubation time proved to increase transduction response in 43% of cardiac muscle after 3 days. Minimally invasive surgical intervention is still required but the fore mentioned method shows a 400 time improvement in phenotype expression contrasted to the sham-operated group. S-Nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine and histamine use failed to improve microvacular permeability (Ding et al., 2004). Nonselective (indirect) intracoronary delivery Using a number of injections to transfer genes with the use of surgery has been studied in research extensively (Guzman et al., 1993). Transduction of human beta 2- adrenergic receptor (betaAR) gene in patients diagnosed with chronic heart failure can restore the cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor system. betaAR function is also compromised in acute myocardial function upset. The betaAR signaling pathway is the main target of most drugs on the market today for heart failure treatment (Parsa et al., 2003). Use of catheter to deliver Adeno-beta 2 adrenergic receptor into the left ventricle in rabbits produced at most a ten fold increase in beta 2- adrenergic receptor expression. After 3 weeks improved myocardial function was observed. Left ventricular pressure was improved as a result of increased myocardial contractility and improved ventricle loading conditions. Isoproterenol receptivity was also observed to increase (Maurice et al., 1999). This indirect method of virus introduction wi ll result in virus transport in the systemic circulation possibly resulting in ÃŽ ²-AR overexpression in the lungs and liver. Larger doses of the virus result in systemic ischemia and decreased cardiac function (Parsa et al., 2003). According to Hajjar and coworkers gene transfer in vivo results in transduction occurring in more then one location. In vivogene delivery involving adenovirus mediated transmission of betaAR kinase carboxyl terminus (betaARKct) or betaAR has shown that use of betaARKct prohibits smooth muscle hyperplasia in vascular intima after angioplasty. BetaARKct use improves ventrivular function via improved betaAR signaling via genetic inhibition of GÃŽ ²ÃŽ ³-ÃŽ ²-adrenergic receptor kinase. Over expression of betaAR improves cardiac function (Eckhart et al., 2000). Gene delivery in vivo improves ventricular contractility as well as adjustment of ECG intervals (Hajjar et al., 1998). Global phenotypic changes can be improved via increased transduction with the use of an improved method of to deliver the viruses. Introduction of the catheter into the left ventricular cavity followed by movement superiorly to end in the aortic root is coupled with pulmonary artery and ascending aorta occlusion. As a result a transcoronary perfusion gradient is generated; which improves viral delivery. This method has a number of modifications such as prompting of asystole pharmacologically, hypothermia use to lengthen cross-clamp interval and occlusion of the distal aorta (Beeri et al., 2002), (del Monte et al., 2001) and (Hajjar et al., 2000). Selective coronary sinus or coronary venous catheterization with retrograde delivery Intracoronary delivery involves systemic spread of the vector due to the brief interval in which the vector can adhere to the coronary endothelium. This is the great disadvantage of the fore mentioned method as coronary flow and endothelial permeability have a large contribution (Logeart et al., 2001). Contrasted to intracoronary delivery, retrograde delivery results in improved expression of the delivered gene (Kaye et al., 2007). Adeno-associated viral vectors do not induce an immune response and cause no inflammation. AAV vectors facilitate long-term gene expression (Sakata et al., 2007). Retro-infusion has proven to transfer AAV vectors efficiently as a long term method of gene transfer. This is due to improved endothelial permeability and lengthening of adhesion time for the vector (von Degenfeld et al., 2003). Systemic spread of vector to liver and lungs was observed however with lack of gene expression due to use of an enhanced myosin light chain promoter sequence (Raake et al ., 2008). Studies have proved that a single administration is enough in order for efficient regional myocyte transfection to occur. The advantages of only a single administration being necessary include minimal washout and controlled dwell times promoting longer exposure. The genes human developmentally regulated endothelial locus-1 and green fluorescent protein were used in this study (Hou et al., 2003). Pulmonary and hepatic transgene expression can be avoided with the use of adjusted models of myocardial gene delivery. Kaye and coworkers established a high efficiency percutaneous closed-loop system. This closed loop system permits increased transduction in the cardiac muscle due to higher concentration of vector present. This method reduces peripheral systemic spread that results in decreased transgene expression outside the heart in the lungs and liver (Kaye et al., 2007). Bridges states that usage of the percutaneous closed-loop system just mentioned would result in loss of more then 99% of the vector to the systemic circulation and not to the myocardium. On close examination of results obtained 2,639 vector genomes/ mg DNA were found in the heart contrasted to 69,595 vector genomes/ mg DNA in the liver. It was suggested that lack of hemiazaygous vein control results in this systemic spread. Ex vivotechnique Many studies have been carried out on the use of transplantation model for gene transfer. In the study done by Griscelli and coworkers recombinant adenoviruses are injected into coronary vessels of the organ then the heart is transplanted. This study carried out on piglet hearts have emphasized prolonged exposure time for vector contact to the heart. The advantage of using such a transplantation model is that this takes place with no coronary flow. Expression of transferred gene was noted with little presence of the transferred genome in hepatic and pulmonary tissues (Griscelli et al., 2003). Wang and Knechtle experimented on and compared 2 different methods of vector delivery prior to transplantation; myocardial injection and perfusion. Injection produced a higher degree of transgene expression. Perfusion resulted in greater overall distribution of transgene expression. Use of these methods only provides as a short term method of gene transfer (Wang and Knechtle., 1996).

Erosion of Gender Equality in America :: Feminism Feminist

Erosion of Gender Equality in America American people come in a variety of shapes and sizes; their thoughts, fears, and convictions differ widely. It is usually necessary for Americans to choose a status in politics and community; but it is obvious that among specific groups and organizations, a person’s beliefs and opinions differ dramatically from the next. Feminist groups, specifically in the last twenty years, have announced their view of membership as an elite group of woman who must have the same specific convictions. Moreover, they denounce anyone who does not, as irrational and supporting the continuance of subordination of women. Feminist propaganda is off track when it comes to the real experiences of American women and men. It is true, that in the past, a woman’s voice was often disregarded; she was denied certain rights, for some women fought. Elizabeth Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Blackwell were famous for their courage and persistence in bringing change. It is safe to say that most Americans now agree men and women have vast talents and capabilities. A century ago women were concerned with issues, such as the right to own property and vote. Somewhere between then and now, feminist groups turned their agenda to issues that offended many Americans. They crossed the line of personal and moral decisions and made ridiculous accusations toward men. The first feminists were necessary. Modern feminists have lost touch with American women and â€Å"unconsciously undermined genuine equality†. It is no wonder why men and women try to distance themselves from feminism. Long before Europeans came to the â€Å"new land† with their Judeo-Christian ideology, patriarchy was the exception not the norm. Women, their bodies, and ability to give birth and nurse children were adorned. Women did eighty percent of the hunting until the reintroduction of the horse. â€Å"Women were shoved out of the hunting scenario. The horse allowed men to become radius,† and t he man’s â€Å"expendable sex† was no obstacle when traveling long distances. The â€Å"economic survival† was now the man’s domain. The value of the women fell when â€Å"mother earth† lost her place. In addition, the European settlers forced their Christian ideals on the Native Americans and other subordinate groups later. During the next several years, the colonial family stayed the same; historically, there was no women’s movement until 1848, the year of the Seneca Falls Convention. Organized by Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott, the â€Å"Declaration of Principles† was produced.

Abduction and Hypothesis Withdrawal in Science Essay examples -- Scien

Abduction and Hypothesis Withdrawal in Science ABSTRACT: This paper introduces an epistemological model of scientific reasoning which can be described in terms of abduction, deduction and induction. The aim is to emphasize the significance of abduction in order to illustrate the problem-solving process and to propose a unified epistemological model of scientific discovery. The model first describes the different meanings of the word abduction (creative, selective, to the best explanation, visual) in order to clarify their significance for epistemology and artificial intelligence. In different theoretical changes in theoretical systems we witness different kinds of discovery processes operating. Discovery methods are "data-driven," "explanation-driven" (abductive), and "coherence-driven" (formed to overwhelm contradictions). Sometimes there is a mixture of such methods: for example, an hypothesis devoted to overcome a contradiction is found by abduction. Contradiction, far from damaging a system, help to indicate regions in which it can be changed and improved. I will also consider a kind of "weak" hypothesis that is hard to negate and the ways for making it easy. In these cases the subject can "rationally" decide to withdraw his or her hypotheses even in contexts where it is "impossible" to find "explicit" contradictions and anomalies. Here, the use of negation as failure (an interesting technique for negating hypotheses and accessing new ones suggested by artificial intelligence and cognitive scientists) is illuminating I. Abduction and Scientific Discovery Philosophers of science in the twentieth century have traditionally distinguished between the logic of discovery and the logic of justification. Most have conclude... ...s based on set covering model, International Journal on Man-Machine Studies, 19, pp. 443-460. C. Shelley, 1996, Visual abductive reasoning in archaeology, Philosophy of Science, 63(2), pp. 278-301. J. C. Shepherdson, 1984, Negation as failure: a comparison of Clark's completed data base and Reiter's closed world assumption, Journal of Logic Programming, 1(1), 1984, 51-79. ________, 1988, Negation in logic programming, in J. Minker (ed.), Foundations of Deductive Databases, Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA, pp. 19-88. P. Thagard, 1988, Computational Philosophy of Science, Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press. ________, 1992, Conceptual Revolutions, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press. ________ and C. Shelley, 1994, Limitations of current formal models of abductive reasoning, Department of Philosophy, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, forthcoming.

Postpartum Stress Disorder Essay

The postpartum period has been defined as â€Å"a bringing forth of the period following childbirth† (Webster, 1988, p. 1055) or â€Å"occurring after childbirth or after delivery, with reference to the mother† (Doriand, 1988, p. 1343). In nursing or medical textbooks, the postpartum period is defined as â€Å"the 6-week interval between the birth of the newborn and the return of the reproductive organs to their normal non-pregnant state† (Wong & Perry, 1998, p. 480). However, Tulman and Fawcett’s (1991) found that the recovery of postpartum women’s functional status from childbirth takes at least 3 to 6 months. Webster’s Dictionary defines stress concretely as a â€Å"physical, mental, or emotional strain that disturbs one’s normal bodily functions† (Webster, 1997, p. 735). Stress is produced by stressors. Wheaton (1996) defines stressors as â€Å"conditions of threat, demands, or structural constraints that, by the very fact of their occurrence or existence, call into question the operating integrity of the organism† (p. 2). In addition, four characteristics of stressors are described: (1) threats, demands, or structural constraints; (2) a force challenging the integrity of the organism; (3) a â€Å"problem† that requires resolution; and, (4) â€Å"identity relevant† in threats in which the pressure exerted by the stressor, in part, derives its power from its potential to threaten or alter identities. Further, awareness of the damage potential of a stressor is not a necessary condition for that stressor having negative consequences; and a stressor can be defined bidirectional ly with respect to demand characteristics. That is, it is possible for both over-demand and under-demand to be stress problems (Wheaton, 1996). Accordingly, based on the above definitions of the postpartum period, stress, and stressors, postpartum stress is defined as a constraining force produced by postpartum stressors. Postpartum stressors are defined as conditions of change, demand, or structural constraint that, by the very fact of their occurrence or existence within six weeks after delivery, call into question the operating integrity of body changes, maternal role attainment, and social support. Due to its many adjustments, the postpartum period has been conceptualized as a time of vulnerability to stress for childbearing women (Too, 1997). Postpartum Period The postpartum period has been conceptualized by a variety of cultures as a time of vulnerability to stress for women (Hung and Chung, 2001). It is characterized by dramatic changes and requires mandatory adjustments that involve many difficulties and concerns, possibly leading to new demands, or structural constraints and, therefore, stress. All mothers face the multiple demands of adjusting to changes in the body, learning about the new infant, and getting support from significant others. For women going through this transition, it may be a uniquely stressful life experience. Several stressors specific to the puerperium as it exists in the literature have been identified. Those pertaining to body changes include: pain/discomfort, rest/sleep disturbances, diet, nutrition, physical restrictions, weight gain, return to prepregnancy physical shape, care of wounds, contraception, resuming sexual intercourse, discomfort of stitches, breast care, breast soreness, hemorrhoids, flabby subcutaneous tissue, and striae. Stressors pertaining to maternal role attainment include: concerns about infant crying, health, development, bathing, clothing, handling, diapering, night-time feeding, breastfeeding, conflicting expert advice, keeping the baby in an environment with a comfortable temperature, bottle feeding, appearance, safety, elimination, body weight, skin, baby’s sex, breathing, spitting up, sleeping, and cord care (Moran et al. , 1997; Too, 1997). Finally, those stressors pertaining to social support include: running the household, finances, perception of received emotional support, giving up work, finding time for personal interests and hobbies, father’s role with the baby, relationship with the husband, restriction of social life, relationship with children, and coordinating the demands of husband, housework, and children (Moran et al. , 1997). In addition, Hung and Chung (2001) shows that after childbirth women will encounter another type of stress during the postpartum period, which is characterized by dramatic changes and requires adjustment. Conditions of change, demand, or structural constraint may occur during these dramatic changes, creating many difficulties or concerns. Therefore, in addition to general stress, postpartum stress is induced after delivery during the postpartum period. Postpartum Stress Disorder Postpartum Stress Disorder (PSD) is the most serious, least common, and most highly publicized of the postpartum mood disorders: mothers with PSD have killed their infants and themselves. It is on the extreme end of the postpartum continuum of mood disorders (Nonacs, 2005) and attention to symptoms is vital for any postpartum support program. The treatment issues will not be fully discussed here because of their specialty and complexity. However, it remains a primary function of the service delivery to recognize symptoms and refer appropriately for specialized psychiatric care and management. A sensitive, direct question such as, â€Å"Some women who have a new baby have thoughts such as wishing the baby were dead or about harming the baby; has this happened to you? (Wisner, et al. , 2003, p. 44), is an essential element of postpartum evaluation and Wisner and colleagues (2003) have suggested that this question be asked of all postpartum women. PSD is a rare, severe disorder with a prevalence of one to two cases per one thousand births (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003). Symptoms are abrupt and often occur within 48 hours of delivery but can be delayed as long as two years (Rosenberg, et al, 2003). Typically, however, symptoms occur within the first three weeks, and two thirds appear within the first two weeks postpartum (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). Symptoms include mood lability, distractibility, insomnia, abnormal or obsessive thoughts, impairment in functioning, delusions, hallucinations, feelings of guilt, bizarre behavior, feelings of persecution, jealousy, grandiosity, suicidal and homicidal ideation, self-neglect, and cognitive disorganization (Wisner et al. , 2003). Women with PSD who harbor thoughts of harming their infant are more likely to act on those thoughts (Wisner et al. , 2003). Because of the severity of the illness and significant concern for the safety of both the infant and the mother, PSD is considered a psychiatric emergency and hospitalization is necessary. Etiology of PSD There has been some debate about the etiology of PSD. As noted previously, the incidence is approximately one or two women per one thousand births. This rate has remained unchanged for that last 150 years (Wisner et al. , 2003). In cross-cultural studies the rates for PSD are similar to those reported in the United States and the United Kingdom. These findings suggest a primary etiologic relationship between PSD and childbirth, rather than psychosocial factors (Wisner et al. , 2003). O’Hara (1997) has noted that women are 20 to 30 times more likely to be hospitalized for PSD within thirty days after childbirth than at any other time during the life span, leading him to speculate, with little doubt, that for women there is a specific association between childbirth and PSD. There are subgroups of women who may be more likely to develop stressful symptoms after delivery. Primaparas appear to have a higher risk for c than multiparous women (Wisner et al. , 2003). This may be the result of an undiagnosed bipolar disorder. Women with a history of bipolar disorder or PSD have a 1 in 5 risk of hospitalization following childbirth (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003). The overall pattern of symptoms described as PSD suggests the illness is on a continuum of bipolar mood disorders (Wisner et al. , 2003). The clinical presentation of PSD is often very similar to a manic episode (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003). Affective disturbances may be depressive, manic, or mixed (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). While there is no typical presentation, women often display delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganized behavior. Delusional behavior often revolves around infants and children, and these women must be carefully assessed because thoughts of harming their children are sometimes acted upon (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). The predominant affective symptom in those postpartum women who commit infanticide, filicide, or suicide is depression rather than mania (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). In reviewing the connection between bipolarity and PSD several studies have shown evidence for a link in four areas: symptom presentation, diagnostic outcomes, family history, and recurrences in women with bipolar disorder (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). The relationship to bipolar disorder is considered quite persuasive and it has been suggested that acute onset PPP be considered bipolar disorder until proven otherwise (Wisner et al. , 2003). However bipolarity does not account for all cases of PSD and a meticulous differential diagnosis is mandatory for those women with presenting stress symptoms. A careful checking of the patient’s history for previous manic or hypomanic episodes as well as any family history of bipolar disorder is important in order to rule out bipolar disorder. Organic causes contributing to first onset PSD need to be examined and ruled out. These include: tumors, sequelae to head injury, central nervous system infections, cerebral embolism, psychomotor seizures, hepatic disturbance, electrolyte imbalances, diabetic conditions, anoxia, and toxic exposures (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003). Of special consideration in postpartum women is thyroiditis. This is relatively common in postpartum women and usually begins with a hyperthyroid phase progressing to hypothyroidism. In either phase PSD can occur (Wisner et al. , 2003). Obtaining serum calcium levels is important to rule out hypercalcemia for patients displaying PSD symptoms (Wisner et al. , 2003). Sleep loss resulting from the interaction of various causes may be a pathway to the development of PSD in susceptible women (Wisner et al. , 2003). The later stages of pregnancy and the early postpartum period are associated with high levels of sleep disturbance. This seems to be more prevalent in primiparous women than in multiparae. Historical and contemporary studies have noted that insomnia and sleep loss are significant and early symptoms of PSD. The rapid and abrupt changes of gonadal steroids after delivery and the evidence that estrogen has an effect on mood and the sleep-wake cycle (Wisner et al. , 2003) suggest an interaction between hormonal fluctuations, sleep loss, and the onset of PSD. Treatment of PSD PSD is a severe illness and should be considered a psychiatric emergency requiring hospitalization (Rosenberg et al. , 2003). The stigma attached to mental illness and especially to mothers who may harm their infants and themselves, often prevents women and their families from seeking help. PSD is often marked with periods of lucidity that can fool those close to the mother and health care professionals. Because of the complexity of the diagnosis and treatment, referral to a psychiatric specialist is required and formal treatment is beyond the scope of this program. However, it will be necessary to recognize symptoms and be cognizant of risk factors, such as history of bipolar disorder or previous PSD. Such awareness is essential, as is the readiness to offer support until adequate services can be implemented (Wisner et al. , 2003). Prevention of PSD is unclear, but early identification of a history of bipolar disorder and/or previous PSD would be an element of a comprehensive postpartum program. Prenatal education describing symptoms is an important aspect of a proactive approach to postpartum care. Part of the prenatal and postpartum educational effort will include urging women to share any bizarre thoughts and fears with their health care professionals and families. New mothers experiencing insomnia will be encouraged to seek assistance from their physicians and to engage other family members to care for the infant during nighttime feedings (Wisner et al. , 2003). As noted earlier, specific treatment is beyond the scope of this program, but a proactive approach to early identification and recognition of unusual thoughts, feelings, and experiences may help to initiate treatment and avoidance of tragic results. Conclusion During the postpartum period, women are immersed in the realities of parenting and coping with balancing their multiple roles (e. g. , wife, mother, and career woman). However, women frequently report difficulty in adjusting to the needs of the baby and other children, difficulty with housework and routines, concerns over support to cope with family needs, and concerns over weight gain and body changes. Accordingly, postpartum stress has an important role in a woman’s life and influences her health status, both physical and mental.

How Katherine Mansfield’s Writing Changed Through

Katherine Mansfield was predominantly a short story writer born in New Zealand in 1888. Although she has often been quoted demonstrating a negative view on New Zealand, she â€Å"thanks God she was born in New Zealand†. Her father was a successful business man and her mother was a younger woman. It is widely acknowledged that her parents played a major role on her views of men and woman in society and the gender imbalance.She began writing from a very early age writing for her Wellington high school newsletter. One of her first novels and one which strongly represents her views on the gender imbalance in society was Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding. This story represents the Frau very much as the subservient housewife to her more dominant and intimidating husband. The first instance of this is when Frau threatens her daughter with the wrath of her father, to which the daughter immediately responds to the request.This story was strongly based on what Mansfield had seen in h er time living in Germany in the earlier stages of her career and the story is an undisguised satire of the German character, in particular the German housewife who Mansfield saw as unkind and somewhat shallow due to their displeasure of their role in society. The story of Frau Brechenmacher continues on and the Frau and her husband attend a wedding. Katherine Mansfield describes the bride as having the ‘appearance of an iced cake all ready to be cut and served in neat little pieces to the bridegroom beside her’.This is a very blatant and obvious piece of writing that outlines the woman’s role in a marriage. This shows that the bride is a mere object to the groom and her role in the marriage is to please her husband. Also, the story goes in to detail about the daughter being shown the role of a woman by her mother which is encouraging the cycle of woman’s servitude and therefore Mansfield puts a negative light on the subject, shown by the quote, â€Å"gir ls have a lot to learn† which carries a negative connotation.However, the Frau is aware of her situation and does not particularly enjoy it as â€Å"everybody laughed at his speech, except the Frau† and â€Å"She wanted to go home and never come out again†. Katherine Mansfield was opposed to the idea of the traditional role of woman in society and the gender imbalance that was so obvious to her as favourable to the man. Also, she saw and represented men as predatory. This is shown at the very end of Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding when it is stated that she lay on her bed â€Å"who expected to get hurt as Herr Brechenmacher lurched in†. This is ot the first instance in the story where the Frau and even her daughter are shown to be intimidated by the dominant figure of the relationship in Herr Brechenmacher. This is why Katherine Mansfield intentionally chose to refer to him as ‘the father’ throughout the story as it is like a title. Title s are given to people who are important figures and by giving him this title and Herr Brechenmacher being referred to as the father by his wife and daughter show that they have a certain respect for him but also gives the sense of distance between the husband and his family.The idea of distance between the Frau and her husband is most prolifically represented when he ‘†lurches in† which implies the idea of forced sex on his behalf. This shows that even though they are husband and wife, they are extremely distanced and can potentially not even have consenting sex. This enhances Mansfield’s view of the woman as an object or accessory to the husband as purely for the pleasure of her partner. Frau Brechenmacher is also portrayed to be much more comfortable when she is in the house alone without her husband.Although she is often doing her duties for her husband, she is more relaxed in that environment without the oppressive Herr Brechenmacher. There is a sense of uneasiness when Herr Brechenmacher returns home as she sends her daughter into the bedroom and begins to rush to get everything ready and perfect for her husband. This gives the impression that the house is a sanctuary for all subservient women and that was how Katherine Mansfield viewed it and writes on the matter with such satirical influence.The short story, Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding, is a story that does not carry many subliminal or hidden messages when dealing with the criticism of the women’s role in society. It is unlike some of her later works that hide the ideas that are intended to be portrayed. It is a very matter of fact piece of writing that was strongly scrutinized for the views and opinions that it was showcasing, which is potentially why Katherine Mansfield decided to write her later works that had similar themes with more discretion and subtlety.Another short story by Katherine Mansfield which deals with the same issues that are brought to light i n Frua Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding is ‘The Woman at the Store’ written two years after Frau Brechenmacher in 1912. Similarly with Frau Brechenmacher, ‘The Woman at the Store’ deals with the issues of gender imbalance and the oppressive male figure in relationships in a very unsubtle and obvious way. However, unlike Frua Brechenmacher, Mansfield deals with these issues in a much more violent and twisted manner in ‘The Woman at the Store’ which ends in a melodramatic twist.This is similar to other short stories written in the same era of Mansfield including ‘Ole Underwood’ and ‘Millie’. ‘The Woman at the Store’ is a story of two men and a girl travelling by horseback through a desolate environment in the North Island of New Zealand. They come across a house in which lives a woman and her daughter and one of the travelling men knows her from previous journeys. However, the woman is not what she used to be or how she is previously described to be â€Å"certainly her eyes were blue, and what hair she had was yellow, but ugly†.This comes to a surprise by all the travellers as they had been promised wondrous things by a character named Hin â€Å"Don’t forget theres a woman too, Jo, with blue eyes and yellow hair, who’ll promise you something else before she shakes hands with you†. It is revealed to us as the reader that the woman was once a beautiful woman and a barmaid but that had all changed once she became wed and bore children. This is also another common theme that is seen throughout Mansfield’s writings, particularly the ones that have a strong feminist base and represent men as oppressive and somewhat ruining their female counterparts.The idea of child-birth being the bane of a woman’s existence is shown in some of Mansfield’s works where she writes about the role of woman as objects for giving birth to children for the male in th e relationships sake. This is shown in ‘The Woman at the Store’ when the woman is abusive to her only child, yelling her and speaking down to her. Also, later in the story when all the characters are drinking whiskey around a table, the woman becomes upset and starts to talk about her life when she says â€Å"It’s six years since I was married, and four miscarriages†.This quote has a negative tone to it and gives the impression that the woman is not happy about her situation that her husband has left her in. The woman is also extremely bitter towards her husband for the life that he has given to her which is the way that Mansfield represents her ideas of the female in relationships being unpleased by marriage and the new role they have had to take on as the generic housewife. The bitterness of the woman towards her husband is best shown by the quote â€Å"Over and over I tells ‘im – you’ve broken my spirit and ruined my looks, and wot for†.The idea of men as predatory which is so often used in Mansfield’s works is also briefly alluded to in ‘The Woman at the Store’, however, in this story it is much less obvious. Jo, the oldest of the three travellers is pleased to learn that the woman at the store has been left alone by her husband and uses this as a window of opportunity to potentially sleep with the woman. This is made known to the reader when Jo cleans himself up before returning to the house to spend the evening drinking with the woman and the three travellers.Also, it is noted that â€Å"they were kissing feet under the table†. Jo and the woman end up sleeping together that night and although it may not seem to be predatory on Jo’s behalf, it can be interpreted this way. The reasoning for this is because Jo showed more interest in the woman once learning that her husband goes away and often and how much she dislikes this. Also, Jo often encourages the woman to continu e drinking whiskey which could be interpreted as him coaxing her in.The message that Katherine Mansfield is trying to convey in ‘The Woman at the Store’ is the criticism of women’s dependence on men during the time that the story was being written and it also criticises women for perpetuating the cycle of womanhood that they are subjected to. The fate of the woman’s husband is later revealed by her strange child who is known to draw everything she says instead of vocally delivering her messages. The child is also referred to by one of the travellers as having a â€Å"diseased mind†. This along with the repetition of the references to her drawings subconsciously prepares the reader for what is to come.The daughter, in spite of her mother, draws a picture of woman shooting a man and digging a hole to bury him in. Katherine Mansfield chose this ending to the story because it carries a shock-factor. Throughout the story, negative references had been mad e about the father of the child by the woman and how she despised him for what he had done to her. By ending the story like this, Mansfield has demonstrated that murder is the only answer to oppression and subjection imposed by the male role in society. However, this is only a satirical view by Mansfield.She uses such little sophistication in this story and ends it with such a melodramatic ending so that the idea woman do not have to put up with such degrading behaviour from their husbands becomes so clear and obvious. Another reference to the lack of sophistication in ‘The Woman at the Store’, one of Mansfield’s earlier short stories, is the juxtaposition of the weather and the tone or mood of the story. For example, when the weather is sunny, the mood of the story is light-hearted and as the weather turns more unpleasant, the mood of the story becomes more sinister.Between her short stories from the collection ‘A German Pension’ which included Frau Brechenmacher and ‘The Woman at the Store’ and her short story ‘The Garden Party’, many things had changed in the life of Katherine Mansfield. She had continued to write solidly through this time period but she had since moved from Germany and moved to London where she would meet her future husband, John Middleton Murray. They had spent some time in Paris and she also spent a few months in Paris, behind enemy lines, once war had broken out.Her brother had died in the war which was a huge blow to Katherine, and during this time her health had also declined and she was diagnosed with tuberculosis. All these events in Mansfield’s life had altered the way in which she wrote, with her stories having more focus on characters and inter-character relations. It brought about a whole new sophistication to Mansfield’s works; however her views on men had still not changed, even after having a somewhat contented marriage and other relations with men.This is shown in a letter to John Middleton Murray in 1919 – â€Å"Someone came to me and said Forget, forget that you’ve been wed. Who’s your man to leave you be Ill and cold in a far country? Who’s the husband – who’s the stone Could leave a child like you alone† This letter or poem if you will, shows that Mansfield has turned in to the women who is dependent on her male counterpart which she had prolifically wrote against in her earlier stories. However, she later acknowledged this and wrote about it in resentment.Also, during the time between her ‘German Pension’ collection and her later stories, including ‘The Garden Party’ she had developed her characters, often reflecting her own life and life experiences in them. This is what is seen to be her sophistication in her later works. Mansfield’s later works such as the ‘Garden Party’ have been known to focus less on the plotline of the story and more on specific events in the story, and more importantly, the relationships between her characters. It is through these relationships that her motives for writing he stories come through. For example, the way Laura in ‘The Garden Party’ tries to imitate her mother’s actions ‘â€Å"Good morning,† she said copying her mother’s voice. ’ This is a perfect example of Mansfield’s view on woman allowing the cycle of domestication to continue and when looked at in greater depth shows how the older woman influence their daughters to do so. Again, this is just one of Katherine Mansfield’s views on the role of woman in society that is shown throughout her short stories, but this time it is alluded to in a more subtle way. The Garden Party’ was written in 1922, more than 10 years after ‘The Woman at the Store’ and ‘Frau Brechenmacher’ but her views had not changed in this time. However, some of t he ways in which she presents her views in ‘The Garden Party’ are much more sophisticated than previous stories. For example, workmen are preparing to set up a marquee for the garden party and suggest that it should go in front of some karaka trees. Laura contemplates whether this should be done and comments on the beauty of the trees and how solitary they were.But in the end she decides that ‘they must’ be covered by the marquee. This could be seen as a metaphor for the beauty of woman being covered and hidden by men, being the marquee. And the fact that Laura uses the words ‘they must’ shows how she has been brought up to think that woman should be squandered by men. Laura from ‘The Garden Party’ is also often left admiring the workmen in the story and commenting on how wonderful they were. At first glance, any reader may take it at face value.But with prior knowledge of Mansfield’s other stories and her views, you would b e able to pick up on the underlying satire that is rampant throughout the story. Satire is one of the ways in which Mansfield expresses her views and opinions on different matters, quite often concerning gender imbalance. The idea of the woman being the domestic person around the house and the father being the oppressive figure just like in ‘Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding’ is also evident in ‘The Garden Party. In the lead up to the party, Mrs Sheridan orders her children to do all different tasks while she does her own, and the children respond immediately as they look up to their mother. But however in one instance where she is in a rush she threatens them, â€Å"Do you hear me, children, or shall I have to tell your father when he comes home to-night? † â€Å"The Garden Party’ is very closely related to Katherine Mansfield herself, with the story being set in a grand house in New Zealand. When she was younger she lived in lavish houses with her parents and siblings just like in the story.Also, the main character Laura, can possibly be seen as Mansfield herself or having aspects and qualities like her. This is why this story is often regarded as her best short story as it incorporates many themes and because she is writing somewhat from her own life experiences, she is able to portray these themes and ideas extremely well. For example, Laura is the one character who shows respect for their neighbours who had just had a death in the family and she is shown as a character with a set of morals, just like Mansfield herself.The ways in which Mansfield relates herself directly to her situations and characters in her later works such as The Garden Party’ are what are seen as to be her sophistication and maturing in her writing style. She moved away from very obvious and simplistic ways of getting her ideas across to her audience, to a more subtle and underlying way of getting the ideas through to her readers. And becaus e of her maturing in her writing and her skill in her craft, she has become to be known as New Zealand’s, and one of the worlds, best short story writers of her time.